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Consonants (Pulmonic)
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʔ
Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Trill ʙ r ʀ
Tap/Flap ɾ ɽ
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Lat. fricative ɬ ɮ
Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ
Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ
Consonants (non-pulmonic)
Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ as in:
ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial
ǃ Alveolar (retroflex) ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/aveolar
ǂ Palatoaveolar (alveolar) ɠ Velar kʼ Velar
ǁ Aveolar lateral (lateral) ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative
Suprasegmantals
ˈ Primary stress
ˌ Secondary stress
ː Long
ˑ Half-long
˘ Extra-short
. Syllable break
Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u
ɪ ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ
æ ɐ
Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ
Other Symbols
ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative
w Voiced labial-velar fricative
ɥ Voiced labial-platal approximant
ʢ Voiceless epiglottal fricative
ʡ Voiced epiglottal fricative
ɕ, ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives
ɺ Alveolar lateral flap
ɧ Simeltaneous ʃ and x
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