From ac8c74880217deff6452966828dde29a95a8178b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jaseg Date: Mon, 18 May 2020 14:48:02 +0200 Subject: ma: Add country overview --- ma/safety_reset.bib | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ma/safety_reset.tex | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------- 2 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/ma/safety_reset.bib b/ma/safety_reset.bib index d8d37bb..feb74e1 100644 --- a/ma/safety_reset.bib +++ b/ma/safety_reset.bib @@ -1164,4 +1164,66 @@ urldate = {2020-05-14}, } +@InBook{brown01, + author = {Marilyn A. Brown and Shan Zhou}, + booktitle = {Advances in Energy Systems: The Large-scale Renewable Energy Integration Challenge}, + date = {2019}, + title = {Smart‐Grid Policies: An International Review}, + doi = {10.1002/9781119508311}, + edition = {First Ed.}, + publisher = {Wiley}, + subtitle = {The Large-scale Renewable Energy Integration Challenge}, + comment = {Extremely obvious industry pandering.}, + year = {2019}, +} + +@WWW{kamstrup01, + author = {Kamstrup A/S}, + date = {2018}, + title = {STS prepayment meter}, + url = {https://www.kamstrup.com/en-en/electricity-solutions/smart-electricity-meters/sts-prepayment-meter}, + urldate = {2020-05-18}, +} + +@Book{sato01, + author = {Takuro Sato and Daniel M. Kammen and Bin Duan and Martin Macuha and Zhenyu Zhou and Jun Wu and Muhammad Tariq and Solomon Abebe Asfaw}, + date = {2015}, + title = {Smart Grid Standards}, + publisher = {Wiley}, + subtitle = {Specifications, Requirements and Technologies}, +} + +@Report{ec03, + date = {2014}, + institution = {European Commission}, + title = {Single Market Progress Report: Country Profiles – Italy}, + type = {resreport}, + url = {https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_countryreports_italy.pdf}, + urldate = {2020-05-18}, +} + +@Report{usitc01, + author = {Lisa Alejandro and Caitlin Blair and Laura Bloodgood and Mahnaz Khan and Martha Lawless and Daniel Meehan and Patrick Schneider and Karl Tsuji}, + date = {2014}, + institution = {U.S. International Trade Commission}, + title = {Global Market for Smart Electricity Meters}, + type = {resreport}, + subtitle = {Government Policies Driving Strong Growth}, + url = {https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/id-037smart_meters_final.pdf}, + urldate = {2020-05-18}, +} + +@TechReport{toshiba01, + author = {Mitsuhide Ishima and Kiyoyuki Terai and Yoshihiro Ogita}, + date = {2018}, + institution = {Toshiba Energy Systems and Solutions}, + title = {Construction and Operation of Communication System for Smart Meter System of TEPCO Power Grid, Inc.}, + pages = {46-50}, + url = {https://www.toshiba.co.jp/tech/review/2018/04/73_04pdf/f02.pdf}, + urldate = {2020-05-18}, + issue = {4}, + journaltitle = {Toshiba Review}, + volume = {73}, +} + @Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:biblatex;} diff --git a/ma/safety_reset.tex b/ma/safety_reset.tex index 289d91e..fc78269 100644 --- a/ma/safety_reset.tex +++ b/ma/safety_reset.tex @@ -422,10 +422,11 @@ top of the regular mains voltage. These systems require high-power transmitters bridge regional distances\cite{dzung01}. Another important additional function is that in some countries some smart meters can be used to remotely disconnect -consumer households with outstanding bills. Using euphemisms such as \emph{Utility Revenue Protection} or the more -cynical \emph{Consumer Empowerment}\cite{kamstrup01} these systems allow an utility company to remotely disconnect a -customer at any time. Whereas before smart metering this required either additional hardware or an expensive site visit -by a qualified technician smart meters have ushered in an era of frictionless control\footnote{ +consumer households with outstanding bills. Using euphemisms such as \emph{utility revenue protection}\cite{kamstrup01} +or \emph{reducing nontechnical losses}\cite{brown01} while cynically claiming \emph{Consumer +Empowerment}\cite{kamstrup01} these systems allow an utility company to remotely disconnect a customer at any time. +Whereas before smart metering this required either additional hardware or an expensive site visit by a qualified +technician smart meters have ushered in an era of frictionless control\footnote{ Note that in some countries such as the UK non-networked mechanical prepayment meters did exist. In such systems the user inserts coins into a coin slot that activates a load switch at the household's main electricity connection. These systems were non-networked and did not allow for remote control. A disadvantage of such systems compared to @@ -466,22 +467,44 @@ transport encryption and other cryptographic services\cite{bsi-tr-03109-2,bsi-tr \subsubsection{France} % FIXME -\subsubsection{the UK} +\subsubsection{The UK} % FIXME \subsubsection{Italy} -% FIXME -\subsubsection{Northern America} -% FIXME +Italy was among the first countries to legally mandate the widespread installation of smart meters in households. Italy +in 2006 and 2007 by law set a starting date for the rollout in 2008\cite{brown01}. The Italian electricity market was +recently privatized. While the wholesale market and transmission network privatization has advanced the vast majority of +retail customers continued to use the incumbent distribution system operator ENEL as their supplier\cite{ec03}. This +dominant position allowed ENEL to orchestrate the large-scale rollout of smart meters in Italy. An unique feature of the +Italian smart metering infrastructure is that it relies on Powerline Communication (PLC) to bridge distances between +meters and cellular radio gateways\cite{gungor01}. \subsubsection{Japan} -% FIXME + +Japan is currently rolling out smart metering infrastructure. Compared to other countries in Japan significant +standardization effort has been spent on smart home integration.\cite{usitc01,sato01,brown01}. Japan has domestic +standards (JIS) for metrology and physical dimensions. The TEPCO deployment currently being rolled out is based on the +IEC DLMS/COSEM standards suite for remote meter reading in conjuction with the Japanese ECHONET protocol for the +home-area network. Smart meters are connected to TEPCO's backend systems through the customer's internet connection, +sub-gigahertz radio based on 802.15.4 framing, regular landline internet or PLC\cite{toshiba01}. + +\subsubsection{The USA} + +In the USA the rollout of smart meters has been promoted by law as early as 2005. The US electricity market is highly +complex with states having significant authority to decide on their own policies\cite{brown01}. Different from the IEC +standards used in large fraction of the rest of the world, the USA have their own domestic set of standards for smart +meters developed by ANSI\cite{sato01}. The main difference between IEC and ANSI-standard meters is that ANSI-standard +meters are round devices that plug into a wall-mounted socket while IEC devices are usually rectangular and connected +directly to the mains wiring through large screw terminals\cite{ifixit01}. \subsection{Common themes} % FIXME +% FIXME overall thing: here or somewhere else mention the ongoing confusion of smart metering and smart home, e.g. +% sato01 + \section{Security in smart grids} The smart grid in practice is nothing more or less than an aggregation of embedded control and measurement devices that -- cgit