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diff --git a/ma/safety_reset.tex b/ma/safety_reset.tex index 289d91e..fc78269 100644 --- a/ma/safety_reset.tex +++ b/ma/safety_reset.tex @@ -422,10 +422,11 @@ top of the regular mains voltage. These systems require high-power transmitters bridge regional distances\cite{dzung01}. Another important additional function is that in some countries some smart meters can be used to remotely disconnect -consumer households with outstanding bills. Using euphemisms such as \emph{Utility Revenue Protection} or the more -cynical \emph{Consumer Empowerment}\cite{kamstrup01} these systems allow an utility company to remotely disconnect a -customer at any time. Whereas before smart metering this required either additional hardware or an expensive site visit -by a qualified technician smart meters have ushered in an era of frictionless control\footnote{ +consumer households with outstanding bills. Using euphemisms such as \emph{utility revenue protection}\cite{kamstrup01} +or \emph{reducing nontechnical losses}\cite{brown01} while cynically claiming \emph{Consumer +Empowerment}\cite{kamstrup01} these systems allow an utility company to remotely disconnect a customer at any time. +Whereas before smart metering this required either additional hardware or an expensive site visit by a qualified +technician smart meters have ushered in an era of frictionless control\footnote{ Note that in some countries such as the UK non-networked mechanical prepayment meters did exist. In such systems the user inserts coins into a coin slot that activates a load switch at the household's main electricity connection. These systems were non-networked and did not allow for remote control. A disadvantage of such systems compared to @@ -466,22 +467,44 @@ transport encryption and other cryptographic services\cite{bsi-tr-03109-2,bsi-tr \subsubsection{France} % FIXME -\subsubsection{the UK} +\subsubsection{The UK} % FIXME \subsubsection{Italy} -% FIXME -\subsubsection{Northern America} -% FIXME +Italy was among the first countries to legally mandate the widespread installation of smart meters in households. Italy +in 2006 and 2007 by law set a starting date for the rollout in 2008\cite{brown01}. The Italian electricity market was +recently privatized. While the wholesale market and transmission network privatization has advanced the vast majority of +retail customers continued to use the incumbent distribution system operator ENEL as their supplier\cite{ec03}. This +dominant position allowed ENEL to orchestrate the large-scale rollout of smart meters in Italy. An unique feature of the +Italian smart metering infrastructure is that it relies on Powerline Communication (PLC) to bridge distances between +meters and cellular radio gateways\cite{gungor01}. \subsubsection{Japan} -% FIXME + +Japan is currently rolling out smart metering infrastructure. Compared to other countries in Japan significant +standardization effort has been spent on smart home integration.\cite{usitc01,sato01,brown01}. Japan has domestic +standards (JIS) for metrology and physical dimensions. The TEPCO deployment currently being rolled out is based on the +IEC DLMS/COSEM standards suite for remote meter reading in conjuction with the Japanese ECHONET protocol for the +home-area network. Smart meters are connected to TEPCO's backend systems through the customer's internet connection, +sub-gigahertz radio based on 802.15.4 framing, regular landline internet or PLC\cite{toshiba01}. + +\subsubsection{The USA} + +In the USA the rollout of smart meters has been promoted by law as early as 2005. The US electricity market is highly +complex with states having significant authority to decide on their own policies\cite{brown01}. Different from the IEC +standards used in large fraction of the rest of the world, the USA have their own domestic set of standards for smart +meters developed by ANSI\cite{sato01}. The main difference between IEC and ANSI-standard meters is that ANSI-standard +meters are round devices that plug into a wall-mounted socket while IEC devices are usually rectangular and connected +directly to the mains wiring through large screw terminals\cite{ifixit01}. \subsection{Common themes} % FIXME +% FIXME overall thing: here or somewhere else mention the ongoing confusion of smart metering and smart home, e.g. +% sato01 + \section{Security in smart grids} The smart grid in practice is nothing more or less than an aggregation of embedded control and measurement devices that |